Cross-Cultural Differences in the Experience of Flow: An Investigation between Turkish, Scottish, and Australian Athletes

Koehn, Stefan and Hulya Asci, F and Caglar, Emine (2026) Cross-Cultural Differences in the Experience of Flow: An Investigation between Turkish, Scottish, and Australian Athletes. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 11. ISSN 2364-5040

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural generalizability of flow experiences by testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) across individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
This study examines the factor structure and cross-cultural invariance of the DFS-2 between the original English version (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) and the translated Turkish version (Aşçı et al., 2007). Using a cross-sectional design, three
samples from Turkey, Scotland, and Australia completed the DFS-2. The results confirmed the first-order 9-factor structure for the overall sample, S-Bχ2 (108,
N = 1099) = 1183.128, p < .001, CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.960, SRMR = 0.031, RMSEA = 0.024 (90%-CI: 0.022, 0.027), and for each national sample, indicating good fit of the data. Multigroup invariance testing showed full measurement invariance between samples from Scotland and Australia, partial measurement invariance between Turkey and samples from Australia and Scotland. The core constructs of the
DFS-2 dimensions were comparable across individualistic and collectivistic samples, suggesting a similar understanding across groups. Within the Turkish sample, elevated modification indices and standardized residual covariances were found for challenge-skills, clear goals, and concentration on the task at hand items. Based on
the sound factor structure of the DFS-2 for each sample and evidence for factorial invariance, we concluded that the English and Turkish versions of the DFS-2 are
psychometrically sound and practical in cross-cultural research.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information and Comments:	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
Faculty / Department:	Faculty of Human and Digital Sciences > School of Health and Sport Sciences
Depositing User:	Stefan Koehn
Date Deposited:	20 Apr 2026 10:39
Last Modified:	20 Apr 2026 10:39
URI:	https://hira.hope.ac.uk/id/eprint/4890

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